Decline of Egypt

The Egyptian civilization has been one of the longest lasting civilizations in human history. In ancient times, it had been a powerhouse and dominated the entire Middle Eastern region for thousands of years. “For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the …

Non-Biblical accounts of the exodus out of Egypt

Non-Biblical accounts of the exodus out of Egypt. Hecataeus “The earliest non-biblical account is that of Hecataeus of Abdera (c. 320 BCE), as preserved in the first century CE Jewish historian Josephus in his work Against Apion and in a variant version by the first-century BCE Greek historian Diodorus.[88] Hecataeus tells how the Egyptians blamed …

Ipuwer Papyrus

Similarities of the plagues in the Exodus account was written by the Egyptians in 19th Dynasty, the Admonitions of Ipuwer (Ipuwer Papyrus). “The Ipuwer Papyrus has been dated no earlier than the Nineteenth Dynasty, around 1250 BCE.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipuwer_Papyrus The Ipuwer Papyrus was written by a royal Egyptian scribe of the same name. He tells a …

Pharaoh and Maat

One reason I went into such detail about the plagues is to show whoever wrote the Exodus account had an intimate knowledge of the Egyptian religion. It was not just a simple story of 10 bad things happening as children’s Sunday school lessons typically portray. Readers that lived in the Egyptian New Kingdom period would’ve …